The Dead Zone: The 1918 Flu Pandemic

Pandemics are frightful things – a widespread illness that strikes suddenly and virulently, leaving thousands or even millions in its wake. While horrific pandemics like the Black Death are today largely confined to the pages of history books, modern-day pandemics such as cholera, malaria, and AIDS continue to ravage many parts of the world. One of the most terrifying pandemics occurred nearly 100 years ago, towards the end of World War I. The 1918 flu pandemic swept the globe, killing an estimated 50-100 million people worldwide in the span of two and a half years. In the U.S., the flu struck over a quarter of the population; in a single year, the average life expectancy in the U.S. dropped by 12 years.

The 20^th century saw two flu pandemics in addition to the 1918 outbreak. The 1957 and 1968 outbreaks were relatively mild, with the global death toll reaching about 2 million and 1 million, respectively.  In 1918, governments worldwide instituted strict rules to try to prevent the spread of infection. In the U.S., stores were forbidden to hold sales, and face masks were required to be worn in public. Public gatherings such as funerals and weddings were limited to 15 minutes, and those who violated the flu mandates were required to pay heavy fines. Medical supplies and caskets were in short supply, and many communities lacked enough manpower to bury their dead in a timely fashion.  For many people, the horrors of war had been replaced by the even greater horrors of disease. Finally, at the end of 1920, the flu seemed to burn itself out, and life slowly returned to normal.

The 1918 flu pandemic offers rich primary source material for students to investigate; there are many photographs, personal letters, and news accounts online. For younger students, the advent of cold and flu season is a good time to revisit hand washing techniques and lessons on how germs are spread. Older students can explore how viruses work and mutate, and discuss how pandemics affect communities, the economy, and public health policies. This week, I’ve selected three resources on the flu for various grade levels.  I’ll also be featuring several new lessons and resources on this topic each day throughout the week on our Facebook and Twitter pages, so be sure to check those pages regularly.

Let's Learn the Flu FACTS

http://www.thegateway.org/browse/dcrecord.2011-10-10.2852513394

Subjects: Health, Science

Grade: 1-3

In this lesson, students will learn the difference between a cold and the flu, including the symptoms they each present. Students also learn some precautions they can take to avoid getting sick. This lesson was produced by Scholastic, a leading children’s publishing, education, and media company.

Pandemic

http://www.thegateway.org/browse/dcrecord.2008-12-30.0957862802

Subjects: Science, World History

Grade: 7-8

The focus of this teaching unit is to broaden students understanding of infectious diseases what they are, what causes them, how they are spread, and what can be done to prevent widespread transmission of these communicable diseases. Students will participate in a simulated outbreak and will also study the events of a historic epidemic that occurred locally. Given what they have learned, students will then be asked to predict whether such a widespread transmission of an infectious disease could happen today. This unit is a product of the Maine Public Broadcasting Network, which offers educational TV, radio, and other media to the public.

Cold and Flu

http://www.thegateway.org/browse/dcrecord.2011-10-10.1998814543

Subjects:  Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Health

Grade: ESL Intermediate

This lesson, for intermediate ELL students, focuses on vocabulary and reading comprehension related to colds and the flu. Students will engage in pre-reading activities, read a passage about colds and flu, and check their understanding in post-reading activities. Along the way, students will also learn about how to tell the difference between a cold and the flu, and how to treat the illnesses. This lesson was created by English-to-Go, part of the Developing Teacher web site for language teachers. The site offers web hosting for language classes and courses, as well as teaching tips, newsletters, lesson plans, and training courses.

~ Joann's Picks - November 1, 2011 ~

Vocabulary Soup

Martha from “Martha Speaks!” learns new vocabulary words by eating alphabet soup. If it was only that easy, schools would probably be serving alphabet soup before first period every day, and there would be a huge alphabet soup dinner the night before the SAT! Unfortunately, it’s not that simple, but there are lots of ways you can sneak vocabulary education into your classroom and make learning new words fun.

There are many unique vocabulary words tied to the different subject areas, so teachers in all these areas share the responsibility of developing large vocabularies in their students. You’re not off the hook just because you don’t teach in a language classroom! I had a high school calculus teacher that gave us a new vocabulary word for fun every day. He made sure to use the words in his lessons, and it was always very entertaining. I learned one of my favorite words that way: defenestrate…do you think you can use that word in a sentence today?

Students learn new words through direct instruction from their parents and teachers and indirectly as they hear the words spoken by their parents, teachers, peers, and in the media. We need to remember that students often rise to our expectations. If we use “big” words in class and expect them to also use these “big” words, we might be surprised at the amount of new words students can learn and use in and out of the classroom. It may be hard to start introducing new words to your students if you have never done it before, especially if you feel intimidated by learning new words yourself. What words will you choose? If you look around online, you’ll probably be able to find sites to help you develop your own vocabulary so you can share some new words with your students. Some dictionary sites like Merriam Webster have a word-of-the-day. You can subscribe, and a new word will be emailed to you every day. How’s that for an easy increase to your lexicon? If you are more of a smart phone person, there’s probably an app for that, too! When I searched for free vocabulary apps, I came up with a pretty long list. There are even some fun and slightly addictive games you can play on the iPhone and iPad like Words With Friends. There are other different Scrabble-like games for other brands of smart phones.

If you have an interactive whiteboard in your classroom, try finding a program that will help you incorporate vocabulary education every day in your class. One site from Scholastic should help get you started. If you search the internet, you can find even more free games and activities.

Often, you will come across words that are unfamiliar to your students while you are reading books or discussing topics. Take advantage of this reading time and explain the words to your students. This doesn’t always have to involve you reading in front of the class. Students can also listen to books online with sites like Starfall, StoryNory, and StoryLineOnline. If you are not reading the stories together, students can write down unfamiliar words to discuss later. You can also ask parents to continue this learning at home. Students and their parents can choose a “word of the day” as they read together. I did that with my kids this year, and it turned into a fun, ongoing game. Whenever they hear a past “word of the day,” later, they yell...DING! It’s a little noisy, but very fun to see them recognizing and remembering the new words they learn.

Don’t forget that you can always search The Gateway for more free vocabulary resources, games, and activities. We’ll see you there!

~Peggy's Corner - 9/9/2010~